[The Middle East Research and Education Initiative (MESPI) brings you the 16th of a series of "peer-reviewed article reviews", in which we showcase a series of journals and articles related to the Middle East and the Arab world. The series will be published seasonally. Each issue will consist of three to four parts, depending on the number of articles included. ]

Abstract: When classical Arabic poetry lacks obvious thematic coherence and formal structure, it may be at risk of foreign intervention aimed at improving it. In this case, who is identified as the author of this poem, and for what reasons? This article examines the unity of the poem and the related issues of authorship through the perspective of collaborative poetry practiced by completing the poems created in the past. It analyzes cases of poetic collaboration from the 2nd/8th century to the Ayub era, and discusses the different practical methods of poets regarding authorship related to the early source poems and their later completions. In the 3/9th century, as the extensive library of ancient and modern poems became more and more available, we occasionally noticed signs of plagiarism rather than forgery in this type of cooperative poems. At the same time, based on this expansion, various legal poetry influences can be found in the completion of the later poets. It is worth noting that the intervention of poetry has not ceased, and poetry has not reached an inviolable status <em>conceptually</em>. When scholars replaced the communicator as the authority of poetry around the third/ninth century and throughout the research period Time. Nevertheless, the cultural realm that reshaped the early poetry has changed. Based on quality considerations, the list of poems that this approach is considered "fair game" has been narrowed down.

Abstract: Ibrāhīm al-Naḫaʿī (d. 96/714) is the most prominent follower (<em>tābiʿī</em>) in the legal tradition of Kufan​​, and is also prominent in the dissemination of Hadith, Quran commentary, and piety. Later, followers of Sunnah and <em>raʾy</em> cite his views as authoritative precedents. Presumably, most of his quotations provide us with the gist of what he said, not what he said. The undetermined quotation represents not a recollection of his position, but a position someone thinks he will definitely take, if asked.

Abstract: The City of Death is a large area outside Cairo, where people live in tombs like houses. This research focuses on two Egyptian novels by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd <em>Šakāwā l-miṣrī l-faṣīḥ</em> (1981-1985) and Maḥmūd al-Wirwār’s <em>Madad</em> (2014), Life in a cemetery is portrayed as a contradictory reality where life and death overlap. The boundary between the two has become blurred, which has created a chaotic situation of lost landmarks and overturned moral values. This situation echoes the personal dilemma of the characters and the uncertain historical background they live in. This article clarified the performance of life in the cemetery and the specific and symbolic functions of this space. It also discusses this performance in the depiction of marginal and marginal space in contemporary Egyptian novels, and explores how the two novels (published decades apart) use this contradictory space to relate their respective historical realities.

Abstract: In some of the earliest written and material evidence of Islamic history, the pilgrimage seems to be an important dedication, identity, and community ceremony. However, modern scholarship pays little attention to the sensory experience of early Muslims on pilgrimage sites and the situations they actually encountered there. This article examines the importance of smell in the practice of Islamic pilgrimage in the first/seventh and second/eighth centuries. With the help of literary and physical evidence, I reconstructed several olfactory components of the pilgrimage during this period, including the extensive use of perfume and incense at pilgrimage destinations (such as Kabbah and Dome of the Rock), and the collection and ingestion of fragrance materials by pilgrims. Location. I then argued that the prominence of the pleasant aromas of these sacred places is related to early Islamic thought, namely the distance between heaven and these pilgrimage sites.

Abstract: This article studies the phonetic patterns in the voice of il-Limbi, a very popular character in Egyptian comedy; therefore, it is at the crossroads between cultural studies and linguistics. Il-Limbi represents the urban working class, and his speeches often mock social customs through absurd imitations of educated speeches. He disguised himself as a socially superior figure, and his speech highlighted the bilingual situation in Egypt and the pretentious use of English in the elite registration. My examination of the pronunciation of il-Limbi in four films revealed many systematic patterns in consonants and vowels, which constitute a unique code. The code is partly based on the exaggerated features of Cairene Arabic, and partly based on the real features of illiterate and lower-level vernacular. And it is usually through the interaction between the corresponding rules in various registers to create humor in the movie.

Summary: Has Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī completed his great Quran commentary? Scholars believe that Šams al-Dīn al-Ḫuwayyī, the disciple of al-Rāzī, may have contributed to the final <em>tafsīr</em>, but they could not draw any clear conclusions, partly because they did not have <em>tafsīr </em> by al-Ḫuwayyī can be used for comparison. In fact, we know of two comments by al-Ḫuwayyī: a part of his encyclopedia shows the exploration of the seven selected <em>suwar</em> and some of the differences that have been preserved <em>tafsīr</ em> Fragments by al-Suyūṭī. These two important sources are described in this notice. We also briefly mentioned some first-hand contacts between al-Ḫuwayyī and his guru al-Rāzī, as reported in the former encyclopedia.

Abstract: In the southern Levant, fundamental changes have taken place in economic organization, mortuary practices, and settlement patterns, which occurred between the 5th and early 4th centuries BC, or the Bronze Age (approximately 4500-3700/3600 BC). Our best evidence comes from ruins in the Negev, to a lesser extent from the Jordan Valley and Golan Heights, as well as coastal mortuary sites. The goal of the Galilee Prehistoric Project is to check this period by conducting surveys and excavations in Galilee based on information from different environmental areas, where there are almost no radiocarbon dates or plans derived from copperstone sites. Wadi el-Ashert's multi-faceted surveys include unmanned aerial vehicle overflights in different seasons, geophysical and pedestrian surveys, and methodical underground test sampling. An integrated approach to this prehistoric landscape led to a more detailed understanding of the site.

Summary: Zincirli Höyük in southern Turkey is famous for the Iron Age city of Samʾal, but the Chicago-Tubingen expedition recently discovered important relics of the Mid-Bronze Age II destroyed in a fire. This article introduces two main temporary results of the settlement history of Zincirli, which also have an impact on the architectural history and chronology of the North Levant. In addition to a wealth of materials, people have a new understanding of the local administration and production between Syria and Anatolia, as well as inter-regional connections. The excavations also show that although it has long been considered the earliest palace of the Iron Age, Hilani I has a long history to the Bronze Age. The contemporary similarities indicate that it is a wide temple, not a bīt ḫilāni palace. In addition, radiocarbon analysis and ceramic evidence trace the damage to the mid to late 17th century BC, thus indicating that the agent of the damage was Ḫattušili I in his battle against Zalwar (Zalpa) near Tilmen Höyük. Future research on Zincirli's mid-Bronze Age is expected to shed light on its connection with the little-known Syria-Anatolian exchange network, which may be centered in Aleppo, and the rising Hittite kingdom may wish to destroy or absorb this network .

Abstract: Recent excavations at the Zincirli Höyük site in southeastern Turkey have revealed important relics from the Middle Bronze Age II period, with evidence of local food (and possibly wine) production and storage, textile production, and administrative activities. Certain cylindrical seals and vessel types further indicate that the site is well integrated into the contemporary communication network connecting the Euphrates River, northern Syria and central Anatolia. The newly discovered complex includes the huge Hilani I, which was previously attributed to the Iron Age but is now considered a temple from the mid-Bronze Age, rather than a bīt ḫilāni palace. This preliminary report introduces the architecture, ceramics and small discoveries related to this complex DD. In addition to Hilani I, it also includes two fully equipped buildings (DD/I and DD/II), a street and external work Space and was destroyed in a fire in the mid-17th century BC. The ongoing research of the Chicago-Tübingen expedition aimed to clarify the functions of Complex DD and Hilani I, as well as the regional significance of the site, including its relationship with nearby pedicles. The political relationship of Höyük/Zalwar in Ermen was destroyed in the battle of Ḫattušili I, and its role in the trade of luxury goods such as wine and textiles.

Abstract: In the summer of 2017, in the early stages of excavation work in the Tel Kabri palace courtyard, small statues and horn nuclei were discovered in the context of the 4th or 5th stage (late 19th to early 18th century BC). A statue depicting two gods, belonging to an Anatolian lead statue known during the Assyrian colony. The preliminary results of lead isotope analysis (LIA) indicate that Anatolian provenance is indeed a reasonable choice. This is the first such discovery in the southern Levant.

Abstract: Archaeologists and historians often attribute "branded" products to specific regions and cultural groups, often without rigorous analysis. Phoenician cedar oil may be one of the most famous examples in ancient times. The Hellenistic Tel Kedesh of the Upper Galilee in the Levant is particularly relevant to these discussions because of its strategic role as a Phoenician border settlement during one of the most dynamic periods in ancient history. As a brief contribution to these discussions, we present here an interdisciplinary analysis of the approximately discovered amphoriskoi. 2,000 stamps from the archives of the Persian-Hellenic Administration Building. Although the building was built during the Achaemenid dynasty and was occupied during the Ptolemy and Seleucid periods, the archive was only used during the Seleucid period in the first half of the 2nd century BC . Combining organic residue analysis with archaeological and textual data allows us to determine with certainty one of the value-added commodities most closely related to ancient Phoenician, the real cedar oil from Cedrus libani. This discovery not only verifies this well-known association empirically for the first time, but also provides a rich background to test our assumptions about cultural brand products, their role in participating in society, and existing mechanisms and systems. Promote their production, use and export.

Abstract: The first excavation season of Tel Shimron revealed a well-preserved hematite cylindrical seal with outstanding artistic quality, dating back to medium bronze IIA-B. The creatures depicted belong to the artistic field of Egypt and the Syrian Levant, but their rendering and the integration of additional pictorial elements are more in line with the latter. In terms of style, the seal is related to the coastal area of ​​the North Levant, especially a group characterized by deep and smooth linear sculptures and plastic modeling of animal bodies in motion. Together with an example of Tell el-ʿAjjul, its discovery in the Jezreel plain marks the southernmost safe discovery point for this style of seal and provides a welcome opportunity to re-discuss the artistic interaction and hybridization process of mid-term bronzes Age Levantine.

Abstract: In the middle and late Bronze Age, the existence of temples in the urban, rural, and off-campus environment of the southern Levant is well documented. However, the definition of these spaces as "cults" is obviously not clear. Therefore, in this article, I use interview analysis to define sacred space as a unique spatial configuration category in the area, which contrasts with other types of public and domestic spaces. Therefore, the trajectory and evolution of Canaan temples and cult buildings are different from other types of spaces in many ways. I demonstrated this intuitively by providing reasonable gamma diagrams for cult and non-cult buildings, emphasizing the contrasting nature of entering, moving and controlling Canaanite temples and their domestic and magnificent temples. The impact of this is significant. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the uniqueness of Canaan Temples lies not only in their role in the surrounding landscape and region, but also in their differences from the surrounding ancient Near East temples and temple institutions, and their differences The relationship of the ancient Near East. The rise of urbanization, the complexity of society, and elite control of religious institutions.

Abstract: The Grade III gate of Raj in the Bible can be traced back to the IIB period of the Iron Age and was destroyed during the Assyrian conquest in 701 BC. In 2015-2016, Sal Gano and Igor Kremerman excavated the south wing of the inner door. In the most recent issue of the journal, Ganor and Kreimerman (2019) proposed that the innermost southern chamber of the gate tower was a "door temple". The "door temple" was desecrated during the Hezekiah reform, and it became a symbolic symbol. The toilet is then sealed. This paper has four purposes. First, it showed a complete picture of the inner gate building based on all the excavations that took place there. Second, it believes that there is no gate shrine in the gate tower. Third, it believes that the door temple assumed during the Hezekiah Reformation was not desecrated. Fourth, it shows that the innermost south room contains a secular installation parallel to the innermost north side of the gatehouse.

Abstract: This article focuses on the archaeological evidence of settlement, cultural and economic changes in the northern hinterland of Sidon (Ṣaydā) during the transition period from the early Byzantine to the early Islamic era (7th to 8th centuries AD). These changes are reconstructed based on the results of archaeological studies at the Porphyreon (modern Jiyeh) and Chhîm sites in the economic hinterland of Sidon/Ṣaydā. Evidence confirms the continuity of the occupation after the Arab conquest. Although the form was reduced, it was completely abandoned in the second half of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th century. The situation here is similar to other parts of Phoenician, when there was a settlement crisis, which led to a decline in population and a decline in the importance of the city. These events are not sudden; they are the result of a process that lasts for decades and mainly affects coastal areas.

Abstract: After a brief introduction to pot-bellows, the corpus was reviewed and the objects and evidence that have appeared since the author published the first paper on them (Davey 1979). After evaluating the propositions put forward in the thesis, it is found that most of the propositions have withstood the test of time. If anything, new evidence adds to the complexity of this field of research, especially in terms of the origin of technology.

Abstract: This article introduces a unique and extensive petroglyph found in the western highlands of the Negev, depicting figures with crescent-shaped headdresses, knee-length costumes, and crescent-headed daggers. It proposes a method to determine this style and its historical background: (1) Analyze the presence or absence of specific animal species in the carving scene; (2) Check the occurrence of specific attributes in the scene that appeared in the background of the ancient Near Eastern era Situation; (3) Study the fit between the position of the lower cutting board and the distribution of the ancient archaeological sites in the area and the route connecting them. Based on this comprehensive analysis, it was suggested that these rock paintings were related to groups engaged in the copper trade in the Sinai-Negev-Eastern region in the middle of the Bronze Age (about 2500-2000 BC).

Abstract: Since the 1960s, most scholars have distinguished two types of works in Hodayot, one representing the personality of a teacher of justice and the other representing the spiritual experience of the general community. However, this theory was developed before scholars obtained a reliable reconstruction of 1QHa or Hodayot's fragmentary manuscripts from Cave 4. List. 10-17, the evidence weakened the persuasiveness of the "community" hodayot category. The existence of the lmśkyl title in several works, the leadership of the speaker, the emergence of expressions that implicitly compare the speaker to Moses, and other factors make it more likely that non-teacher hodayot is associated with Maśkîl rather than Maśkîl is associated. With ordinary sects.

Summary: Over the past 18 years, more than 75 new "Dead Sea Scrolls" fragments have appeared on the antiquities market. These are often referred to as Dead Sea scroll-like fragments after 2002. More and more scholars believe that a large part of them are fakes. In this article, we will discuss four other suspicious fragments, but this time from the 20th century-or at least from before 2002. Two of these clips have been known since the late 1990s and were published in the DJD series. One was published in Revue de Qumran (2003) and one was published in Gleanings from the Caves (2016). Today, all four are accepted as part of the Dead Sea Scrolls data set, even if they are unproven and have been fabricated-or at least very adapted-to the previous owner list. In this article, we will critically review their provenance and discuss the lack of proper interest in the provenance of the collectors who own them and the scholars who published them.

Abstract: In the book of Genesis, Lamech was worried that his son was an illegitimate child, so he confronted his wife for her loyalty. Bitenosh responded to these allegations with a surprising response: She asked her husband to recall the sexual pleasure she experienced during intercourse. Scholars clarified this rhetorical strategy by linking this event to the Greco-Roman embryogenesis theory. In the embryogenesis theory, the pleasure of a woman during sexual intercourse is regarded as conception. Although this provides a convincing explanation for Bitenosh’s argument, in this article, I believe that these ideas do not originate from the Greco-Roman world, but the conceptual theory in Genesis is actually in line with the Hebrew The concepts that already exist in the language are consistent. The Bible and the wider ancient Near East. By exploring the concept of conception in the Bible and ancient Near Eastern texts, I discovered a belief that the necessity of women’s happiness during intercourse and the existence of female “seeds”. These ancient authors were able to give important thoughts on medical issues such as conception and reviewed this in Bitenosh's speech. Therefore, this article is of great significance for understanding the broader concepts of sex and conception in the Ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, and the wider ancient Near East.

Summary: Two of the unrecognized 4th hole fragments of the saved text incorrectly associated with 4Q269 in the Damascus file should be assigned to 6Q15 instead because they are connected to 6Q15 fragment 1. This is the first case of connections between fragments that claim to come from different caves. In addition, PAM 41.734 does not clearly distinguish all cave 4 and cave 6 fragments.

Abstract: Although "Levi’s Vision" (the so-called Yaramlevi Documents) was written by Jewish priests in the 2nd or 3rd century BC, the largest part of its text comes from what is found in the Genizah of Ezra A large number of Jewish medieval manuscripts. Synagogue in Old Cairo. In the Genizah scroll in the Manchester University Library, Gideon Bohak discovered a new fragment (P 1185), a pseudo-calligraphy document dedicated to Levi and his life. This study contains a new version of P 1185, including its ancient text description, reading notes, manuscript comments and photos.

Abstract: This article contributes to the discussion of the origins of Iran’s print media by analyzing the country’s first official weekly published in the past ten years. First, review the current scholarship for Vaqaye'-e Ettefaqiyeh, which ignores the official Qajar Bulletin as the government’s mouthpiece, describes it as one of Amir Kabir’s administrative reforms, or considers it to be a pioneer of the more noteworthy print media. The turn of the century. Then, on the basis and expansion of this academic research, this article shows that as the only print media form in Iran, the Qajar Bulletin first promoted the popularization of reading in Iran, and secondly introduced Iranians, including those who bought and read it. People and those who read aloud in public places, the current proceedings in the Qajar court, historical developments outside Iran, and most importantly modern technology and democratic developments in Europe and the New World.

Abstract: Tekkiyeh Moʿaven al-Molk in Kermanshah is a space commemorating the Battle of Karbala, so it is decorated with large narrative panels conceived by underglaze (haftrangi) tiles to depict the various plots of the event. There is a large panel that covers the entire wall, depicting many dervishes in the built environment, similar to a space in Tekkiyah. The image on its surface has nothing to do with the Karbala incident and does not seem to belong to Tekkiyeh's decoration plan. This article attempts to decipher the image of the representation in order to put forward a reason for including it in the space decoration plan completely related to the Battle of Karbala.

Abstract: Several monuments erected in the middle of the 17th century in Isfahan, Iran, show a layer of gleaming paint as a wall decoration. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed that muscovite flakes (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) scattered on the gypsum plaster are the cause of the flashing effect on the flashing paint layer. The descriptions of a substance called talq in several travellers and historical documents match the use of muscovite as a gleaming pigment in 17th-century Persia. The preparation methods and possible sources of Iranian muscovite are discussed. Some people believe that, around the middle of the 17th century, Persia used crushed muscovite as a pigment. It is also believed that the use of muscovite is a new experience related to the large-scale construction of the capital of the Safavid dynasty in the mid-17th century.

Abstract: This article discusses the different settlements and land use patterns in the environmental transition zone between eastern Iraq and western Iran during the Sasanian dynasty. A combination of field survey history and modern high-resolution satellite imagery is used to record archaeological features. Multispectral satellite image analysis creates a historical and traditional land use model, which helps in the spatial understanding of land types and their relationships with archaeological features. Thereafter, the data was interpreted based on environmental and ethnographic records. The results show the limitations of our past archaeological knowledge of the interaction between humans and the environment in late ancient times. They put forward multi-level land use and survival strategies in areas outside the political and economic core areas of the empire. I discussed the interweaving interaction between the settled population and the non-settled population, and believed that although intensification occurred in the late Sassanid dynasty, agriculture, animal husbandry and mobility have always been the main patterns of settlement and land use.

Abstract: Hamadan in western Iran is one of the most important historical cities, and various archaeological discoveries can be found in different places. The location of Tepe Hegmataneh in the historical fabric of the city and its unbreakable connection make it possible for archaeological activities to reveal some hidden aspects of Hamadan’s historical identity. At present, 14 resting tombs have been unearthed in the city and surrounding areas. Except for the Sang-e Shir or Stone Lion cemeteries identified through systematic archaeological excavations, the rest of the cemeteries were accidentally discovered during construction activities. There are two types of tombs in Hamadan: those with coffins and those without coffins. Tombs lacking coffins are simple (excavated ground) and potholes, which are related to the stone lion cemetery. Coffin tombs are also scattered in Hamadan and its surrounding areas. These include boat-shaped clay coffins, human-shaped coffins and rectangular sarcophagi. Most of these coffins are empty, without any physical remains. The tomb is generally northeast-southwest, and the skeleton is arched toward the right, left, or upright. The tomb cover is all made of thin stone slabs.

Abstract: The Kani Koter cemetery is located in Kurdistan, Iran, near the village of Dere Pemeyan (or Persian Dare Panbedan), between the ancient site of Ziwiye and the Karafto cave (Figure 1). In this article, we will discuss the material found in a tomb in the cemetery, its chronology and cultural connections. Unfortunately, the tomb robbers looted the tomb and completely destroyed the ground environment of the tomb. Fortunately, the Kurdistan Cultural Heritage Organization rescued all the stolen cultural relics in 2016, and today these collections are stored in the Sanandaji Museum. Many beautifully decorated objects were unearthed from the tomb, nominally belonging to the artistic traditions of the Assyrians, Urals, and Mannai. The date of discovery was determined by comparing the handicrafts of the Assyrians and Urals.

Abstract: Geographical landmarks, especially rivers, have always played an important role in forming or hindering social interactions. In some cases, they act as "communication routes", while in other cases they act as "obstacles." In northwestern Iran, the Araks River may have played a decisive role in shaping the surrounding environment. Although our research is not enough to understand the exact role of this river in different time spans, we can begin to conceptualize its role in different time periods in some way. The overall goal of the development of the Archaeological Project in the Araques Valley (AVAP) is to investigate the development of settlements from five to three millennia BC. In addition, study the routes, contacts and exchange networks of possible and possible inter-regional and intra-regional interactions between the Jolfa and Khoda Afarin plains and the South Caucasus and northwestern Iran, and better understand the geographic characteristics of the region and its landscape One of our goals. In this article, the general history of occupation along the river is given, and a preliminary database is provided for understanding the geographical and socio-political potential of this part for more comprehensive research in the future.

Abstract: Tureng Tepe is a major archaeological site in Iran. Although it has been excavated by two different foreign archaeological groups, the key period in its history is still little known. This is especially true of the Bronze Age and Bronze Age strata on site, which have not yet been fully published in English. The focus of this investigation is the excavation of archives and collections by Frederick and Susanne Wulsin of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. It shows that although the excavation method is very basic, Wulsins' excavation records contain valuable information about material culture and chronology. Place. In fact, combined with the information released in the later French excavations under the command of Jean Deshayes, Woolsin's excavations helped to place the Tulum Stone Circle in the local and regional context. This article introduces the results of initial excavations conducted by Wulsins in 1931, using similarities to Deshayes materials to anchor their Mound C sequence in a relative and absolute time sequence frame, and assessing the utility of the Wulsin collection for future research.

Abstract: In the real world of politics, the relationship between Israel and Azerbaijan seems to be more than a pragmatic relationship. This article aims to clarify the strategic and regional interests of Israel and Azerbaijan, while considering Iran’s efforts to maintain an alliance with Azerbaijan. From an Israeli perspective, these relationships have multiple components that allow Israel to pay close attention to Iran without dragging Azerbaijan into conflict. As far as Azerbaijan and Iran are concerned, they share a common religion and part of their culture, and both use real politics to maintain the balance of power in the Caucasus.

Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to clarify the meaning, original inflection and etymology of the Hindi word *mastr̥gan- / *mastr̥ǰ-"brain, skull".

Abstract: This study explores the reconstruction of Iran’s national identity during the Mohammad Reza Shah era (1953 to 1979). It uses materials collected from the memoirs and statements of the Shah and key figures of that era, and uses historical sociology in international relations as the theoretical pillar to clarify the role of the international in the formation of Iranian nationalism. It believes that in order to understand what it means to be an Iranian, we should study the specific details of international-domestic interactions, because Iran’s national identity has been structured and restructured by the Iranian King, and the constant changes resulting from the specific interaction between the two countries dynamic. Dynamics at home and abroad. Shah’s interpretation of Iran’s identity emerged and evolved in his efforts to gain legitimacy against Mosad’s legacy and popular nationalism at the domestic level, as well as to restore Iran’s role during the Cold War at the international level. From inside to outside, the king tried to deconstruct the content of Iranian nationalism expressed by Mossadeh and to give new meaning to Iranian nationalism. As the ideological glue of his nation-building, it is characterized by a firm belief in rapid industrialization, an emphasis on unity rather than diversity, the uniqueness of Iran’s identity relative to the East and the West, and the description of Shah as the Iranian people. True and ethical representation.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to mainly introduce those aspects of the interviews about the relationship between the Mountain Jews and the Tats. In addition, issues related to the language, identity, and relationship between mountain Jews and other ethnic groups were discussed. This article is based on interviews conducted as part of the research project "Between the Caucasus and Jerusalem: Mountain Jews in Cultural Dialogue", which was carried out by the Teaching Center of the "Sefer" Jewish Civilization University. The project aims to explore the history, culture and identity of the Jewish people in the mountains. So far, two scientific expeditions have been carried out-one in August 2018 and the other in August 2019, both to the south of Dagestan. The participants of the expedition were divided into two groups-inscriptions and ethnography. The task of the ethnography team was to interview representatives of the mountain Jewish community living in southern Dagestan. In 2018, these were conducted in Derbent and Nyugdi. In 2019, interviews were conducted with mountain Jews and Zargan residents living in Derbent and Nyugdi.

Abstract: This article aims to explore the possible origins and significance of winged fantasy creatures that frequently appeared in Chinese Sogdian tombs in the 6th century, especially in Shi Jun Shi Jun I (580 AD). It is not excluded that the composite creatures on the tombstone of Shijun originated from the Greek ketones and seahorses that were introduced into Persia, Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire. The influence of Chinese cultural elements on this group of investigated tomb monuments has contributed to a unique and mysterious work of art that has long been forgotten by scholars called "Chinese Sogdian".

Abstract: This article examines the concepts of Shia and kingship in Safavid cultural materials (coins, architectural inscriptions, enthroned speeches, and eulogies) to trace the transformation of Safavid’s ideology from the Sufi order to a sectarian monarch during the dynasty The role of the system. It examines these materials to reconstruct the dominant ideology of the Safavid dynasty in different places. An examination of the ideology of Safavid’s rule shows that there are significant differences between the ideologies expressed by these cultural media. We believe that this difference points to a multi-pronged Safavid strategy of projecting political legitimacy in different records for different audiences. By combining the ideologies accepted and practiced by people from different regions and sects of the Persian Empire before the Safavid dynasty, the Safavid monarch succeeded in spreading power widely within and outside the imperial dynasty, changing the empire’s religious and political ideology, and continuing to hold two powers. For many centuries.

Abstract: This article examines the historical writing of the Safavid Dynasty in Iran, especially the famous chronicle of Shah Abbas I, namely Tārīkh-e ʿĀlam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsī (TAAA). It rethinks Safavid's historical writing through the perspective of environmental history. This article asks: "How does the chronicle represent the natural world, and in what way does this performance shape Safavid's historical narrative?" It believes that the way in which TAAA portrays the encounter between humans and nature shows that ʿAbbas has a unique sovereignty over it . Because of his piety and dedication, he is considered to have divine grace, making him the only person capable of regulating the performance of nature—that is, to dominate, manipulate, survive, and control nature. In the absence of an environmental interpretation of Safavid’s history, this article suggests that TAAA’s description of this natural world should be regarded as a powerful legitimizing force for Abbas’ rule because it has not yet been foregrounded.

Abstract: This article uses Mehrmāh Khānom ʿEsmat al-Saltaneh (1880-81), anonymous Hājiyeh Khānom ʿAlaviyeh Kermāmān (Hājiyeh Khānom ʿAlaviyeh Kermān 1892–94) and Sakineh Soltān Vaniq Esmat al-Saltaneh (1892–94) and Sakineh Soltah 1892–94) It considers the relationship between female writers and the text, their readers, and the diary roles they create. It claims that their work emerged in the process of negotiating the masculine text and model of authority that existed at the time. By rejecting the single authority of literature and text, female diary authors turn their text into a space for dialogue—including dialogue with themselves.

Abstract: How to translate a Persian poem into any European language, such as Hāfez’s hemistich: beh may sajjādeh rangin kon garat pir-e moghān guyad. This is the core question raised by Mohammad-Rezā Shafiʿi-Kadkani in the article entitled "On the Untranslatability of Poetics". For Shafiʿi, translation is mainly a function of culture rather than language similarity. Therefore, he believes that in view of the fundamental cultural differences between European languages ​​and Persian languages, Hafez’s poems are almost impossible to translate in European languages. This article critically participates in Shafiʿi's article by summarizing and analyzing a series of problematic hypotheses embedded in its untranslatable titles. It places Shafie's translation view in a dialogue with untranslatability theorists in comparative literature and translation studies. Finally, it outlines why untranslatability is not a useful conceptual framework for analyzing language and cultural differences.

Abstract: As a polymath of Central Asia in the fifteenth century, the works of Jamie (1414-92) were widely circulated in the Muslim world. From a global perspective, Jami and his prose works received outstanding recognition in China in the 17th and 18th centuries. Following the author's previous research on the introduction of Jamie's works in China, this article attempts to answer the question of why Jamie became a legend in China and how it came into being. By focusing on the spread and transformation of Jamie’s two Persian Sufi prose works from Central Asia into China, the article concludes that in this process, two groups of people have played the role of cross-cultural agents; these are individual Sufis. Filipino travelers and Muslim intellectuals

Abstract: The influence of Iran's influence from Russia and Britain in the 19th century has attracted a lot of attention from modern academic circles. Although this article does not deny the central role played by these two powers in Iran’s internal affairs at the time, it drew attention to the third country, which has long claimed to exert influence over the country through trade policy-France. From the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the French Revolution in 1848, the French monarchy was particularly keen to encourage trade with Iran, not so much as a source of wealth, but to restore and expand France's prestige and political influence. This strategy becomes even more important when the British and Russian superpowers oppose France’s active presence in Iran and prevent France from establishing influence in the country. In order to contain these powers, France pursued a plan to reach a trade treaty with Iran as a means of obtaining commercial concessions and privileges and ensuring its permanent existence in the country. France also aims to connect Iran with its regional trade network that extends from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean.

Abstract: In response to the scarcity of academic literature on Iran’s participation in sub-Saharan Africa during the Pahlavi period, this article shows that throughout the 1970s, with the rise of the king’s international status and Iran’s economic growth, the political and economic relations between Iran and several countries The relationship also develops. African countries, especially Senegal. This article will explore the many factors that facilitate this relationship, the most important being the strategic and symbolic significance of Senegal, as well as the personal friendship developed between national leaders. The ultimate manifestation of this bilateral relationship is the Keur Farah Pahlavi project; an Iran-Senegal joint city will be built in Senegal. By exploring this project, this article aims to demonstrate the Pahlavi country’s strategy to expand its global influence.

Abstract: The rule of the Qajar dynasty was a vibrant period in Iran's taʿziyeh tradition; this type of anonymous playwright not only developed the verses of the central drama of the Karbala cycle, but also innovated new narrative content. This study investigated one of the innovations, namely the peculiar appearance of two new characters in the climax drama "The Martyrdom of Imam Hussein". They are the dervishes of Kabul and the Sultan Qais of India. Hussein met them shortly before his martyrdom. They were not mentioned in historical documents or religious traditions related to Karbala. By analyzing fifteen taʿziyeh deductions from the martyrdom of Hussein in the 1204/1790 to the 1950s, including rare manuscripts, this research provides a date window for the merger of these characters and believes that they were intended to complete Hussein’s martyrdom in Karl Bala. It also traced their literary origins and considered their social significance.

Abstract: The approval of the Press Law in February 1908 marked a major development in Iran’s censorship history. However, in a few articles on this topic, the press law is mainly explained from the perspective of constitutional politics, as well as the pressure exerted by the royalist forces on the first legislator who are dissatisfied with criticism and anti-royalistism. The tone of the constitutional newspaper. This article takes a different approach; it puts the press law in its context and attempts to evaluate it based on the control that the state implemented in the first few years of the constitution. For this reason, this article considers the largely unknown story of Qājār Iran’s censorship system. How has people’s understanding of censorship evolved over the years? How did the censorship system work? What challenges did the censorship system pose to the authorities and subjects of the Nasseri and Mozafari eras, and finally the "Press Law" was promulgated in February 1908?

Abstract: Mīrzā Ḥasan Rushdīyeh (1860(?)-1944) was a low-status Azerbaijani-Iranian clergyman, constitutionalist, and educational reformer. He was the main pioneer of the new (jadīd) elementary school in Iran. This article shows that in 1889, through training in Beirut, Rushdīyeh introduced new schools based on changed teaching methods and modern disciplines to Iran. It argued that although these schools were strongly opposed by the maktab custodians and certain Qajar courtiers, their powers gradually increased until the King Reza State adopted some modifications to embezzle them, as the normative school education was called dabestān. In the study of English and Persian, we lack the rich history of the new school in Rushdīyeh. This article uses previously uncensored information, including his Iranian and Ottoman diaries, to examine Rushdie’s broader intellectual and political history education work during that period.

Abstract: The suffix /-a/ and diphthongs /ay/ in the early Neo-Persian were changed to /-e/ and /ey/ respectively in modern Persian. Isfahani Persian followed closely, such as dande "rib" and meydun "plaza". However, early phonemes only survive in limited phrases: /a/ in Arabic loanwords is followed by pharyngeal consonants, such as ǰomʾa (< ǰumʿa) "Friday", fâtaː (< fātiḥa) "Funeral", ayd (< ʿayd) "Feast." Isfahani Persian shows other phonological abnormalities adjacent to the original pharynx, including syllable ending iʿ> aː in qânaː (< qāniʿ) "content", maːmâr (< miʿmār) "architect. " These speech anomalies, their geographic distribution and historical stages were investigated.

Abstract: I will evaluate the early methods of G-stem imperative sentence morphology in Semitic, and reconstruct it to support a specific set of two-syllable patterns used in the imperatives of basic stems in the original Semitic, namely qutul, qitil, and qital. The most common process envisaged to form an imperative sentence is to prun off the prefix conjugation, but the most recent comprehensive treatment of the subject is Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal’s revision and expansion of qatul, qatil, and qital, a century-old proposal. The imperative mode in the language. I refute the tailoring method and Bar-Asher's model, in favor of qutul, qitil, and qital, which are the most economical and accurate reconstructions to explain imperative implementations in various branches of Semitic.

Abstract: In formal terms, the Akkadian Dtr-Stem mirrors and partially overlaps the more familiar Dt-Stem, albeit with an additional intermediate repeat syllable (see, for example, Dtr ūtelelle and Dt ūtelle). The following shows that Dtr does not appear as an abnormal form of Dt, but represents the remnants of the early Eastern Semitic Dt form. Similarly, Št2-Stem (the so-called "Vocabulary Št") displays a comparable additional syllable (compare Št1 uštapras and Št2 uštaparras), providing us with evidence of the prehistory of Št-Stem. The proliferation semantics of Dtr and Št2 proves their antiquity; in contrast, the cohesive passive voice of Dt and Št1 marks these stems as relatively late analogies.

Summary: The provincial capital of Ērānšahr, the Sino-Persian text of medieval Zoroastrianism, tells how the daughter of a Jewish exile married Sassanian King Yazd Gild I and gave birth to his successor Vahram Gore. Although the history of the text has been largely destroyed, little attention has been paid to its author and purpose. This article argues that the creators of the story were members of exile families from the 10th to the 11th centuries who internalized a wider focus on the (invented) Sasanian ancestry during the period known as the Iranian Intermezzo to attract Iranian Jews and other elites. . Studying this text and its origins provides evidence of the contact between Jews and Zoroastrians during this period and provides new suggestions on the cultural background of the Zoroastrians who made the provincial capital.

Abstract: The Quran takes confession as an important element of piety and warns believers to repent. Many hadiths also emphasized its importance and God's merciful forgiveness for repentant sinners. In his K. al-Tawwābīn, Hanbali scholar Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī (d. 620/1223) borrowed from a wide range of akhbār (always decorated with an isnad) to show examples of angels, prophets, and Muhammad’s companions repenting , Devout mystics and others, including non-Muslims. Ibn Qudāma's papers are notable for their frequent references to accounts defamed as isrā'īliyyāt by other scholars (usually authorized by Wahb b. Munabbih). In addition, he was willing to emphasize the sins of the Prophet and his companions, and at the same time, in line with other Hanbali, challenged the universal notion of the prophet’s invulnerability and the moral character of ṣaḥāba. In this article, we believe that Ibn Qudāma is willing to challenge these concepts because of his vision of building a pious self. He believes that mankind's initiative to overcome their natural tendency towards evil is a necessary step towards a spirit of excellence. In this regard, his spiritual vision was shaped by certain Sufism concepts. Although God's grace still plays a role in the work of repentance, it does not eliminate the need for human initiative. This led Ibn Qudāma to construct a fabulous past in which many great spiritual figures participated in spiritual struggles with their own immorality or ungodly (or conceited) instincts.

Abstract: This article examines the appearance of salafyya (used in the sense of Salafism) in the Algerian media from 1925 to 1927. This is the earliest known use of this abstract noun in Arabic. Reading the information carefully, you will find that since it is a new category, it has no definite meaning. The task of outlining its definition and characteristics fell on the reformers who used it in the first place. One of them, Abū Ya'lā al-Zawāwī (died 1952), did so in a way that is contrary to today’s traditional thinking: he claimed to be a Salafist, while at the same time degrading the Sunnah and attempting to lower the level of the Hadith literature. authority. This article shows that the core knowledge features that we often associate with Salafism are not necessarily accepted by the historical actors who used the term in the mid-1920s. This has implications for the correct historicization of Salafism as a category.

Abstract: Economic historians describe the emergence of Jewish court bankers who presided over the Central State Bank in Baghdad during the Abbasid dynasty as important to global financial history. However, this article re-evaluates these figures based on new insights into the court culture and institutions of the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. It believes that they should mainly be understood as tax intermediaries. They provide assistance to individual ministers, but may never obtain an official title or appointment in the court of al-Muqtadir. On the contrary, it is their outsider status relative to the elite Abbasid social network that explains the longevity of their careers.

Abstract: The monastery and its records are a promising source for writing the history of the western Balkan mountains. In general, these mountains do not exist in the record of the existence of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, and, like the more general mountains, these mountains are generally considered to exist outside the main historical narrative. Take the monastery established in the Pindus Mountains in 1556 as an example. I think the origin of the monastery is best understood in the context of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Even the Byzantine precedent must be given due attention. In addition, I pay close attention to the location of the monastery for two reasons. First, this opened up a series of new questions for the history of monasteries during the Ottoman period; so far, most studies have focused on taxation, land ownership, and relations with the central state. Second, the location of the monastery provided a way to understand the environmental history of these mountains on the western edge of the empire. This article aims to extend the nascent field of Ottoman environmental history to mountainous areas.

Abstract: At the end of the 11th century, two mysterious "Roman" envoys visited China to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty. This article attempts to reopen the debate around the identity of the Roman Embassy. This issue aroused heated discussions at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, after which interest waned. Relying on a large number of underutilized sources, this article re-evaluates the two most widely known theories that connect the embassy with the goals of the Byzantine pretender Nikephoros Melissenos and the exiled Seljuk prince Sulaymān ibn Qutlumush.

Abstract: In 1695, Henry Every's pirate attack on a Mughal ship carrying passengers returning from the pilgrimage site to Mecca attracted some attention from historians and tried to bring this incident into a more recent update. The history of large European piracy mainly uses British data related to the incident. Drawing on these documents, the purpose of this thesis is to combine it with the available Mughal Persian materials to show what this event revealed about the early modern Hajj (i.e. Hajj to Mecca) and the composition of Mughal-sponsored ships in Mecca. Transporting pilgrims and goods between Canada and Surat. A previously unresearched Mughal letter related to this incident, written by the captain of the Mughal ship, reveals how the Mughal Empire understood this encounter with European pirates and provided evidence as to why The Mogul Empire blamed the Mogul Empire so quickly. This was an attack on the British and East India Company.

Abstract: This study aims to document the age structure and mortality rate of Bursa, the Ottoman city, which has been a political and commercial city center for centuries. It uses a set of Ottoman population registers that have been uncensored so far, which were kept in 1839 and updated to 1842, providing detailed self-reported data for all male residents, regardless of age, including death, birth, and migration. The study combined Coale and Demeny regional model life tables to test the quality of age and mortality data, and compared the results with historical demographic studies conducted for the European region. The results show that the population structure is marked by a high birth rate and a high death rate, and proves that it is hopeful that the study of the Ottoman population transition can be traced back to the past, and a historical comparison point with global experience can be established.

Abstract: This article analyzes the first modern death register in the Ottoman Empire. These were produced in 1838-9 and are the result of the state's response to the 1831 cholera pandemic. This article shows the design and structure of these registers, how they differ from the previous and subsequent registers, and therefore occupy a key position towards the transition to the medicalization of death and the introduction of Western statistical analysis. The article shows how these registers provide detailed information that can be used to construct a social, economic, and demographic profile of Istanbul’s recent deaths.

Abstract: This article analyzes how a local prominent in the eastern frontier of the Ottoman Empire competed for local power in the early 19th century. This article focuses on an era on the eve of Tanzimat, and aims to illustrate how the local Moss dynasty-Aladdin Pashazad-used their empire and cross-empire network to maintain and strengthen their power and influence Based on various sources of the Ottoman Empire and the British archives, this article explains how Aladdin Pashazad’s Emin Pasha in the era of financial, military, and administrative changes skillfully manipulated inter-imperial wars, regional rebellions, and frontiers. Tribal affairs with Iran and the military reforms of that era. This article takes a sub-province in the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire as an example, hoping to contribute to the study of the multi-dimensional relationship between imperial power and provincial dignitaries.

Abstract: This study aims to explore the social history of Istanbul musicians who lived in the transitional period and experienced socio-political and cultural changes from the late Ottoman Empire to the early Republican Party, roughly from the turn of the 20th century to the early period. The 1930s. A collective biographical analysis of the life narratives of 257 musicians, as well as revealing certain defining characteristics and atypical social aspects of musicians, will also enable us to understand the extent to which musicians have adapted to the changes they have experienced. Therefore, the unconventional method of this study is to analyze the relationship between central policy and the ups and downs of musicians' career trajectories. In other words, this research aims to determine the consequences of broader socio-political changes in the narrative of musicians’ lives.

Abstract: This article aims to demonstrate the role of children's periodicals and magazines in the formation of the sacred and greatest Sudanese character in children's minds from 1876 to 1908. Point out that these materials emphasize benevolence, generosity, protection, progress, reformers, religion, and strong images of Sudan, which have played a considerable role in the indoctrination and political socialization of children. In this way, as this article demonstrates, the regime attempts to form a generation that is mainly loyal, and then moral, religious, and educated, who will support the regime’s values ​​and norms. A careful study of children’s journals shows how patriotism is closely related to loving and observing the rules and laws of the country’s owner, which reduces the meaning of patriotism to being loyal to the Sudan, praying for his health and his continuation. Reign and celebrate his birthday. While interpreting children’s journals, this article also provides a glimpse into the bilateral relationship between the regime and publishers and the censorship policies of that period.

Abstract: The national resistance movement that rose up in Anatolia and Thrace immediately after the end of the First World War successfully overthrew the peace agreement imposed on the Ottoman Empire by the victorious Allies and has become an important part of history. The emergence of the Turkish nation-state is almost completely studied in this context: as a prehistory of the Republic. Therefore, little effort has been made to position it in the major global developments of the era. This article attempts to solve this problem by analyzing the statements made by the leadership of the resistance movement between 1918 and 1921 to determine its appropriate position for the current ideological trend. It concludes that four main inputs can be discerned: loyalty to the Ottoman monarchy and country; Muslim nationalism; Wilson's self-determination, and Boslek-inspired anti-imperialistism. These influences are not mutually exclusive. In addition to being influenced by contemporary ideological trends, the national movement is also an influencer: as a movement to protect existing countries (rather than to create or open up new ones), it was also a pioneer of revisionist movements during the Civil War aimed at repealing the Paris peace arrangements. The supplementary data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2020.1858061.

Summary: At the beginning of the Cold War, Turkey served on the UN Security Council for five years. During the entire service period, first from 1951 to 1952, then from 1954 to 1955, and finally in 1961, Turkey participated in 201 voting meetings and issued many statements on the issues before the Security Council. Turkey’s three election campaigns for a temporary seat on the Security Council, as well as its voting and speech performance during the five-year term, are not only for Turkey’s foreign policy, but also for the actions of small countries in the early days of the Cold War and the Security Council, the most important international institution. Work. Therefore, this article aims to provide a short story of Turkey's election to and performance in the Security Council, analyze its voting preferences during temporary membership, and debate Turkey's voting motivations.

Abstract: Between the Constitutional Revolution and the rise of Reza Khan, Iran began a diplomatic diplomacy that declared subtle nationalism. After the destruction of the First World War, Iran sent a committee to the Paris Peace Treaty. There, Iran proposed a nationalist plan to seek sovereignty and independence of Iran, and the return of territories lost since 1828. Although many aspects of this nationalist plan were clarified before 1919, it was the integration in a plan that made this plan unusual. This is the first time that such a large number of specific territorial claims have been made. This imperial nationalism needs to be evaluated in the narrative of Iranian nationalism and will be discussed in this article.

Abstract: This article focuses on the past image of David Ben-Gurion through a series of programmatic and widely disseminated speeches delivered by David Ben-Gurion during Israel’s first Independence Day (1948-1958) . The article argues that although the establishment of the state is defined as a turning point, it is certainly not portrayed as a "beginning." The experience of ancient monarchs and exiled Jews both occupies a central place in Ben-Gurion's related past. The discussion centered on the five main characteristics of the speech: the continuation of the country and the ancient Jewish history; the central position of secularized Messianicism as a bridge between the exile past and the sovereign present; attempts to use consensus-based terminology to describe being A widely accepted common past; simplified Zionist rebellion against exiles; and the fundamental difference between the Jewish symbolic past and the actual Israeli present. These five elements are analyzed in the context of Ben-Gurion and other texts of his image in the study. Finally, this case study is placed in a broader context, and it demonstrates Israel’s pursuit of a Jewish meaning framework that will validate new national myths and give them meaning.

Abstract: The developed towns established at the beginning of the founding of Israel have become slums for Jewish immigrants in North Africa. This is a common belief. This is part of a deliberate policy to serve the status and interests of veterans and dominant Ashkenazi Jews. Some scholars have recently taken root in the Israeli public. This article focuses on the problems and difficulties in the establishment of development towns, as well as the countless considerations of national leaders and the ruling party (Ma Pai), and provides different interpretations of government actions. In this article, my purpose is to show how some developing towns became Mizrahi enclaves. This is not the result of deliberate policies, but mainly due to the plan that proved to be flawed and the demographic trends that occurred in these towns, and the government’s The original intention and efforts prevented this result.

Abstract: This article uses archival materials to show how Israel formulated policies in the Gaza Strip to reduce its population size after the 1967 war, and how to reform its policies to meet long-term needs in the course of two years. -Permanent occupation. These policies are based on Israel’s desire to annex the Gaza Strip without absorbing large numbers of Arabs. The Israeli government has formulated an economic policy based on high unemployment and low living standards to encourage Gazans, especially refugees, to leave. Facing increasing resistance, the Israeli government introduced a new economic policy in early 1969 to improve the local economy while continuing to encourage educated youth to immigrate to other countries. This new policy explains the long-term demographic and economic model of Palestinian society under long-term occupation, and clarifies the Israeli control mechanism in the Gaza Strip.

Summary: Israel’s 1982 Lebanon War was one of the most controversial events in its history. It is considered a war between Prime Minister Menachem Begin and his Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, so it is a war of choice. One of the historical questions about that war revolves around its origin. The general assumption is that the root cause can be found in 1981, when Israel was on the brink of war with Syria and the PLO. However, this article claims that the 1967 Six-Day War was the starting point of the 1982 Lebanon War, when the PLO settled in Lebanon. The question of the origin of the 1982 war is not merely a question of history. It has a broader impact on the nature of war. If the root cause of the conflict could be found in 1967, then this war was the result of a long process. Indeed, Israel launched the war, but only after all other options it adopted failed. Therefore, this is not a war of choice at all.

Abstract: The influence of Sayyid Qutb's writings on political Islam and Islamic groups cannot be overstated. When constructing his radical political theory, he usually paid special attention to Qutb’s two dual concepts, hakimiyyah (often translated as the sovereignty of gods) and jahiliyyah (a situation in any place or society, in which Allah is not considered supreme. The presence). This article questions the generally accepted view that hakimiyyah is equivalent to the sovereignty of God. On the contrary, I think it’s best to understand Qutb’s hakimiyyah as an Arendt form of authority (or limited sovereignty), even though Qutb’s projects are fundamental in nature, while Arendt’s are anti-foundational. Therefore, Qutb did not directly appeal to the authority of Islamic law, but linked hakimiyyah to the historical moment of statehood in the city of Mecca, the Koran in Mecca and the "unique generation" of this period. Examining hakimiyyah through an Arendian perspective of authority replaces the logic of sovereignty with authority based on the relationship of voluntary command/obedience. This approach disrupts the binary logic of sovereignty, which is often potentially integrated into academic literature on Qutb’s political writing. Therefore, examining Qutb’s Hakimiyah through an Arende-style authoritative perspective can produce a consistent and coherent interpretation of his political thoughts, which is usually regarded as inconsistent and self-contradictory.

Abstract: This article examines and criticizes the so-called caliphate’s macro-top-down constitutional language policy, which is usually referred to by the acronyms ISIS and ISIL. Although Islamic Sharia law, which claims to be the sole source of the caliph’s law, does not establish local, official and national language policies, the caliph constitutionalizes the language policy by misappropriating Quranic verses. Article 8 of the Constitution requires the use of Arabic as the sole national and official language of the Caliphate and its education system. A single policy uses the symbiotic relationship between Arabic and Islam to eradicate the diverse and multilingual Islamic traditions, promote its homogenized discourse, and globalize militants. A religiously reasonable language policy helps the Caliphate to achieve cultural and language cleansing, spread its religious political ideology, and maintain a strict assimilation model.

Summary: The connection between archaeology and video games may surprise some people, especially those who have never played video games. However, since the 1930s, games and "games" have been explored as serious academic and historical research fields, when the Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "games are older than culture." In "Homo Ludens" (Homo Ludens), Huizinga demonstrates that human games have brought about the creation of culture, the formation of meaning, and the learning and dissemination of knowledge. His "gamers" participated in similar game practices and rituals, politics, wars, and violence, indicating that games and culture coexist as "twin alliances", but games are the first (Huizinga 1938).

Abstract: The emergence of computer chips has fundamentally changed human life on a global scale. As more and more digital platforms are used, digitization will inevitably reshape popular culture. The video game industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the technology and entertainment industry, with a huge audience. It is now estimated that about 2.5 billion people play games in the world, of which 211 million American adults, 52% of whom have a college education (see this issue of Rassalle) (Figure 1).

Abstract: This article explores how digital signifiers in the first decade of religious video games (1982-1991) helped players place themselves in the biblical landscape. Across eight game platforms and many different genres, from puzzle games to adventures, 17 games depicting the land of the Bible were created during this period, providing us with a new perspective on how to present the problems of the past through video games. 1

Abstract: Video games should be socially conscious, participate in political discourse, or historically accurate may not immediately come to mind: video games are a kind of entertainment. However, a popular game series "Civilization of Sid Meier (Civ)" encountered multiple problems in its cultural and historical performance, especially in the underrepresented societies. Considering the premise of the game, this is not surprising. In the game, the user creates a civilization based on a pre-defined, somewhat historically familiar, and usually unfamiliar historical culture. Players are encouraged to learn about these from the quasi-academic, embedded encyclopedia "Civilization", historical allusions and scenes in the game, game units, architecture and archeology.

Summary: A huge Persian army consisting of archers, siege equipment and fearless gods is wedged in a narrow strip between seamounts. Beyond this mountain pass is the heart of Greece and the ancient cities of Corinth and Athens. Standing between Persia and their conquering Greek cities were only a few chariots and archers. The battle begins. Arrows cover the sky and sun, but they can't stop the fairy from advancing. The Greek chariots were caught off guard, did not have enough leeway, and were quickly defeated. Collins couldn't stand the siege and fell quickly. Due to the small loss of the Persian army, the Greeks hardly had time to regroup, and the city of Athens would soon follow. In an undifferentiated failure, the capital of the Greek world was ceded to the Persians. A few years later, nothing but place names remained to remind one of the once prosperous Greek civilizations.

Abstract: Through this quotation, the 5th century BC Greek historian vividly described the gilded pagoda of Babylon, Etemenanki. The pyramid is one of the most enduring symbols of the ancient Near East: from paintings to movies, books to video games, from classical Greece to today, versions of stepped buildings have always appeared in popular culture and imagination. One can even argue that the ziggurat is a super-historical symbol (Crowther 2002); it not only exists as a symbol generated and related to the ancient Near East, but also has transcended its original historical background. The passage has acquired new meanings and images. In this article, I explore the ultra-historical nature of the Pagoda by examining it in the Western, modern, and popular imagination, especially in the context of video games. To this end, I adopted the method of art history and checked the gold-shaped pyramids in various games to create the type of gold-shaped pyramids depicted in video games. In the process, I explored how the concept of modern ziggurat influences and shapes our understanding of the Near East, and how it relates to Edward Said's concept of Orientalism (see also Mol and Politopoulos in this issue). Finally, I briefly discussed how we reconstructed the gold-shaped pyramid in popular culture to increase our knowledge and understanding of the history and culture of the ancient Near East today.

Abstract: The Ancient Near East Computational Research (CRANE) project directed by Tim Harrison of the University of Toronto has united scholars in various disciplines from multiple institutions around the world since 2012. In Turkey and northwestern Syria, the goal of the project is to provide researchers with a collaborative framework in which the full set of data generated by archaeology is used to illuminate the rise and development of complex societies in the region. The resources and skills pooled by the collaborators enabled the project to visualize and model the links between social, economic and environmental factors on a series of time and regional scales (https://crane.utoronto.ca/).

Abstract: Ancient Egypt is far away. Very far. For too many scholars who specialize in Egypt, it is far away from space. For all of us, it is very far away in time-the closest point is about two thousand years. This distance has consequences. We tend to look at the world of ancient Egypt like a city on a hilltop: we view buildings as amorphous shapes, people as bug-like creatures that move randomly, and the events that shape their lives as short-lived series of activities . Deliberate research provides another perspective. Through an academic telescope lens, individual moments become focal points, magnified, and become real, but the whole is still the incomplete sum of its incomplete parts. To use a more familiar analogy, we modern scholars either see the texture of the bark or the blue-gray stains of the forest in the distance (Figure 1). We have no choice but to see the trees but not the forest, and we will never be able to experience it together.

Summary: "Assassin's Creed: Origins" was released at the British Museum in September 2017. In order to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Assassin's Creed series, Ubisoft organized a grand event, inviting influencers from all over the world, the media and some scholars. This large-scale event clearly demonstrated the importance of this video game series, which began in 2007, when the first Assassin’s Creed game was set in the Israeli Crusades. Since then, 12 games have been released, each of which took place in a specific period of time, from the Peloponnesian War to the Renaissance to the Victorian period.

Abstract: As Tine Rassalle explained in the article introducing this special issue, video games and archaeology overlap in many ways, all of which can be applied to Near Eastern archaeology. Other authors in this issue describe video games (and their underlying engines) as teaching tools, digital visualization and reconstruction tools, and provide a window into how designers and players view archaeology and archaeologists, which can also allow them to understand Different interpretations of the game. Ancient Near East and its many cultures. However, in this article, I have adopted a different approach to show that one can take the methods, tools, and theories used by more traditional archaeologists in studying Near Eastern themes and apply them to digital artifacts from the late 20th century ( Reinhard 2019: 49–130).